Indian and American Foreign Policies: From Confrontation to Cooperation is a collection of 63 thought provoking articles which were penned by the author and editor during his active participation in teaching P.G. students with whom 17 students also completed their Ph.D dissertations, 3 students completed their M. Phil dissertations and a senior Consul from Iraqi Consulate, successfully completed his MA by research. This has provided the author in depth understanding of India’s initial period of non-aligned policy, how policies on nation’s foreign affairs and national security are formulated. As he was the first one in India to have studied American National Security Council for his Ph.D dissertation which was completed at Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington DC as a Fulbright Scholar, his work in the SAIS was so highly appreciated by his academic Adviser Fred Holborn who admired his work in his report to Fulbright Commission in the following wards: “Mr Kamath had prodigious energy, great scholarly ambition and clear capacity to absorb knowledge. In both his research and classroom and informal association he shows a very sophisticated and broad understanding of the subjects, and materials with which he is working…” His specialisation in American foreign policy has not only helped him study comparatively foreign policy process, but fully capitalise a hidden value loaded in the study of American foreign policy. Anyone who specialises in American foreign policy perforce acquires a global vision: The US has relations with A (Austria) to Z (Zambia) nations. That enlarged vision of Kamath as an international scholar. That enabled him to study Indian foreign policy too in its widest perspective. That is brought out in chapters like Indian relations with neighbours and China as not only as an assertive neighbour but also need for India to be a geopolitically effective player to match China’s designs. The book should be a compulsory reading to all students interested in foreign policies, diplomats and young political aspirants competing for leadership roles. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor P. M. Kamath is an eminent scholar who has specialised in International Relations with special reference to foreign policy and national security. He has authored several articles on US, India and more specifically on China’s relations with the US, India and Pakistan. He has authored or edited 25 books; the latest being on Indian Politics after Mrs Indira Gandhi: Reflecting on Perversion of Political Power, Kalpaz Publishers, New Delhi, 2021 and Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia, Cambridge Publishers, UK, 2021. After a brilliant academic record, he won the prestigious Fulbright pre-doctoral fellowship then offered only to five selected candidates after an interview on all-India basis to work on his Ph. D dissertation at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC. He is the first one in India to have studied American National Security Council and the role of National Security Advisers. He was awarded by invitation: the post-doctoral Fulbright Fellowship to study at the National Security Studies Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC in 1982-’83. He also taught a course on National Security Policy in Florida International University, Miami in 1987. Kamath has been in the field of higher education for the last forty seven years of which he served twenty five in Mumbai University teaching and guiding students in research. Since he retired as Professor of Politics from Mumbai University in 1997, he founded VPM’s Centre for International Studies wherein he is the Chairman & Hon. Director. He was also, adjunct Professor, Department of Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal University, Manipal. CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................... 5 Preface ....................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ............................................................................................ 15 1. NON-ALIGNMENT: BEGINNING & LATER .......................... 41 (i) Relevance of Non-alignment in Cold War ..................................... 41 (ii) India in International Affairs: Twin Challenges of 80’s ................. 46 (iii) Challenge before non-aligned ........................................................ 54 2. PROCESS OF MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY: INDIAN & AMERICAN ............................................................. 59 (i) National Security Adviser in the US: Exit of Richard Allen........... 59 (ii) The Sikh Extremists in the US: Need for Effective Lobbying ....... 65 (iii) Foreign Policy Formulation: Need for Open Discussion .............. 70 (iv) For Your Eyes Only ......................................................................... 73 (v) Need for developing foreign policy expertise ............................... 78 (vi) Turmoil and Triumph ...................................................................... 81 (vii) A Pledge for Peace .......................................................................... 85 (viii) Not the PM’s job ............................................................................. 89 (ix) Assessing India’s Fifty years: A foreign policy perspective ........ 92 (x) Shaping foreign policy ................................................................... 96 (xi) Time to replace Natwar with one having a clean image ................ 98 (xii) Foreign policy must match with national goals ........................... 100 (xiii) Is India a major power? ................................................................. 103 (xiv) Should Pravasis be given political Rights? ................................. 105 (xv) Foreign policy: Entirely Modi-Centric ......................................... 108 (xvi) Foreign policy: Centre-State ties count ....................................... 110 (xvii) Vital role of India abroad............................................................... 112 3. AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY........................................... 117 (i) American Foreign Policy Today................................................... 117 (ii) American Foreign Policy since Kennedy: A historical perspective ...................... 120 (iii) Games the Republicans play ........................................................ 126 (iv) Caution: Superpower looking for trouble .................................... 129 (v) Politics of US debt to United Nations .......................................... 133 4. INDIA-US RELATIONS: FROM CONFRONTATION TO CO-OPERATION ............................................................... 135 (i) Time to reassess ties with Israel .................................................. 135 (ii) Opening ties with Israel ................................................................ 138 (iii) Hard cheese, big bully .................................................................. 141 (iv) Shortsighted American diplomacy ............................................... 142 (v) U.S. India Relations in the Post-Cold War Era ............................. 146 (vi) No cause For complacency .......................................................... 151 (vii) US President’s visit to India Political Gains ................................. 153 (viii) India-US Relations ........................................................................ 156 (ix) India-US politico-military relations since September 11.............. 159 (x) Major issues crucial for India’s foreign policy ............................ 162 (xi) Growth of a multi-dimensional India-US relationship ................. 165 (xii) If CPM forces election on voters will Manmohan emerge stronger? .......................................................................... 167 5. INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS: FROM PLAYING SECOND FIDDLE TO ASSERTION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS................................................................................ 171 (i) Too much of a good thing ............................................................ 171 (ii) Caution a Watchword ................................................................... 173 (iii) Let’s Not Be Emotional About Panchsheel .................................. 175 (iv) India needs a Taiwan policy ......................................................... 178 (v) Push the sale of Indian toys in US market ................................... 180 (vi) India needs to stand up to China ................................................. 183 (vii) Decisive leadership and Geopolitics at its Best .......................... 186 (viii) Explaining India-China Doklam Standoff and thereafter ............. 190 6. INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS ............................................ 197 (i) Avoid Past Mistakes In Sri Lanka ................................................ 197 (ii) No Grand Designs ......................................................................... 200 (iii) What can India learn from Musharraf's domestic reforms? ........ 202 (iv) Peace lies in the corridors of learning .......................................... 205 (v) Institute Gandhi Fellowships to promote peace in South Asia .. 206 (vi) India-Afghanistan Relation’s: The US and Pakistan as Conditioners .................................................................................. 208 (vii) A new step for Pakistan, a new hope for India ............................ 218 7. ISSUES IN INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY ............................. 223 (i) India vision.................................................................................... 223 (ii) Don’t ‘rogue states’ need moral leadership? ............................... 226 (ii) Erect Statues in other States too .................................................. 228 (iv) Is an Idea Man irrelevant for a man of action? ............................ 231 (v) Nehru’s foreign policy, flawed and all .......................................... 233 8. US GOES TO WAR AGAINST IRAQ ................................... 237 (i) America putting maximum pressure on UN to authorise use of force against Iraq ...................................................................... 237 (ii) Should India contribute to the stabilisation force in Iraq? ......... 240 (iii) Iraq War: intelligence failure or intelligence cover? .................... 242 (iv) French stand on Iraq misunderstood by US ............................... 245 Index ............................................................................................ 249