Forests play vital role in the socio-economic development of the country in terms of productive, protective and bio-aesthetic aspects. Forest and trees play unique role in the cultural and religious life of the country. This besides supplying wide range of products and it also helps to ameliorate soil and climate, improves water supply and control flood and drought. Though there are few literatures and books are available, these must be organized in the form of a text book for use by forestry graduates and also by the practicing foresters. This book has been designed with 16 chapters which covers the status of Indian forests, export, import of wood, demand and supply of wood in India, Timber transit rules in India , EXIM policy for Wood and Wood Products ,Wood based industries, Grading of timber Wood conversion, Wood seasoning, Wood Preservation, Wood modification , Structural uses of timber Composite wood , Wood adhesives and polymers , Wood energy , Use of Nanotechnology in wood products, Production technology of Value added Products from wood and its application. In a holistic perspective, the information furnished in this book will definitely act as ready reckoner for the faculty who teaches a course on Wood Products and Utilization for Undergraduate and Post graduate students and also for the students for writing competitive examinations. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1–3 Status of Forests in India 1 Export and Import of Wood in India 1 Demand and Supply of Wood in India 2 2. TIMBER TRANSIT RULES IN INDIA 4–20 Timber Transit Rules in different states of India 7 National Transit Pass System (NTPS) 20 Key features and functionalities of National Transit Pass System 20 Key benefits of National Transit Pass System 21 3. EXIM POLICY FOR WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS 24–33 Trade Policy 25 Export policy for export of wood and wood products 25 4. WOOD BASED INDUSTRIES 34–49 Pulp and Paper Industry 34 Match Wood Industry 39 Pencil Industry 40 Furniture Industry 44 Sports Goods Industry 45 5. GRADING OF WOOD 50–62 Present Systems of Grading in India 51 Types of Grading 51 Structural and Stress Grading 51 Commercial Grading 52 Grading Rules for Teak 55 Grading Rules for Sandal 58 Grading Rules for Rosewood 59 Text book of Wood Products vi and Utilization Specifications on Grading and Rational use of Timber 61 Terminologies 61 6. WOOD CONVERSION 63–72 Primary Conversion 65 Basic Operation of Saw mill 65 Classification of Sawmill 65 Portable sawmill 65 Permanent sawmill 66 Types of Saw for initial conversion of logs 67 Log band saw 67 Frame saw 67 Circular saw 67 Resaw 67 Secondary Conversion 68 Working principle of wood working machines 68 Surfacing machine 68 Thicknessing machine 68 Over and under planer 69 Band scroll sawing machine 69 Spindle irregular moulding machine 69 Power feed matching and moulding machine 69 Tenoning machine 69 Mortising machine 69 Boring machine 69 Nailing machine 70 Dovetailing machine 71 7. WOOD SEASONING 73–98 Principles of Wood Seasoning 74 Classification of Timbers for Seasoning 76 Seasoning Methods 77 Air seasoning 77 Principles of stacking 77 Types of stacking 78 Horizontal stacking 78 Vertical stacking 81 Timber seasoning yards 81 Air seasoning sheds 82 End coating compositions 83 Contents vii Kiln seasoning 83 Design features of kilns 84 Operational classification of kilns 86 Progressive kilns 86 Compartment kilns 87 Types of compartment kilns 87 Steam heated, overhead internal fan, reversible air circulation kiln 87 Side mounted internal fan kilns 88 End mounted fan kilns 89 Wood waste fired furnace kilns 89 Electrically heated, side mounted internal fan kilns 90 Dehumidification kilns 90 FRI solar kilns 90 Specialized seasoning methods 92 High temperature drying 93 Solvent seasoning 93 High frequency drying 93 Vapour drying 93 Vacuum drying 93 Microwave drying 93 Kiln drying schedule 94 Seasoning behaviour of Indian timbers 97 8. WOOD PRESERVATION 99–112 Types of Wood Preservatives 100 Preservation Methods 102 Non-pressure Methods 103 Steeping 103 Diffusion processes 103 Normal diffusion process 103 Hot-soak process 104 Steam quenching followed by diffusion 104 Momentry dip process 104 Sap displacement processes 105 Boucherie and modified boucherie 105 Hot and cold process 107 Pressure methods 107 Full cell process 107 Modified full cell process 108 Text book of Wood Products viii and Utilization Empty cell process 108 Lowry process 108 Reuping process 109 Alternate pressure method 109 Boulton process 110 Wood preservation for special purposes 110 Railway sleepers 110 Wooden poles 110 Mine timber 110 Marine timber 110 Joinery 111 Wood preservative treatment for Indian timbers 111 9. WOOD MODIFICATION 113–123 Wood Modification Methods 114 Chemical modification 114 Thermal modification 114 Enzymatic or surface modification 115 Impregnation modification 115 Improved Wood 116 Impregnated wood: 117 Compressed wood 117 Compregnated wood 118 Heat stabilized wood 119 Heat stabilized compressed wood 120 Chemically modified wood 120 10. STRUCTURAL USES OF TIMBER 124–143 Building 124 Bridges 136 Scaffoldings 136 Cabinet making and panelling 136 Motor lorry and bus bodies 138 Railway carriages and wagons 139 Railway sleepers 140 Ship and boat building 141 11. COMPOSITE WOOD 144–168 Types of composite wood 144 Composite Wood 145 Contents ix Plywood 145 Laminated wood 148 Fibre boards 150 Particle board 151 Core board 154 Sandwich board 154 Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) 155 Structural Composite Lumber 158 Glued Laminated Lumber (GLL) 158 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) 161 Parallel strand lumber 161 Laminated strand lumber 162 Oriented strand board 163 Finger jointed lumber 163 12. WOOD ADHESIVES AND POLYMERS 169–176 Bonding theories and Mechanisms of Wood adhesives 169 Classification of adhesives 170 Natural Adhesives 170 Synthetic Adhesives 170 Thermosetting resins 170 Thermoplastics resins 171 Types of Adhesives 171 Reactive Adhesive 171 Non-reactive Adhesives 172 Polymers 175 Types of Polymers 175 Thermoplastics 175 Thermoset polymers 176 Elastomers 176 13. WOOD ENERGY 177–188 Biomass Gasification 177 Gasifiers 180 Fixed-bed gasifiers 180 Fluidized bed gasifiers 181 Entrained flow gasifiers 181 Rotary drum gasifiers 181 Application of Producer gas 182 Saccharification of Wood 182 Text book of Wood Products x and Utilization Industrial Processes of Saccarification 183 Dilute-acid processes 183 Scholler process 184 Madison wood-sugar process 184 Concentrated-acid processes 184 Enzymatic Saccharification 185 Enzymatic Saccharification for Bioethanol Production 186 Enzymatic Saccharification for Biofuels and Bio-based Chemicals 187 14. MISCELLANEOUS USES OF WOOD 189–194 Agricultural Implements 189 Boot- lasts And Shoe-Heels 189 Brushes and Brooms Handles 190 Carts and Carriages 191 Cooperage 193 Fence Posts 193 Musical Instruments 193 15. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WOOD 195–200 Scope of Nanotechnology in Forestry 195 Uses of Nanotechnology in Wood Products 196 Applications 197 Cellulose nanofiber in paper making 197 Nano cellulose as Reinforcement Material 197 Wood preservation by nanoparticles 197 Nanobiocides 198 Pest control 198 Fungi control 198 Wood Coating 198 Nanoindentation in Forest products 199 16. VALUE ADDITION TECHNOLOGY 201–215 Briquette Production Technology 201 Fundamental aspects of Briquetting 202 Briquetting Process Technology 205 Types of Briquettes 206 Biomass Briquettes 206 Sawdust Briquettes 206 Agro-waste Briquettes 207 Contents xi Wood Briquettes 207 Use / Benefits of Briquettes 207 Biochar Technology 208 Methods of biochar production 208 Pyrolysis 209 Hydrothermal carbonization 210 Gasification 210 Torrefaction and flash carbonization 211 Application of Biochar 211 Activated Carbon technology 212 Activated carbon manufacturing industries in India 212 Preparation of Activated Carbon 212 Physical activation 212 Chemical Activation 214 Applications of Activated Carbon 214